Experimental Final Hosts of Metagonimus Hakubaensis (Trematoda: Heterophyidae) and Their Suitability to the Fluke

Seven laboratory mammal and bird species were orally inoculated with 200–1,000 encysted Metagonimus hakubaensis metacercariae that had been isolated from naturally infected lampreys (Lethenteron reissneri) captured in Aomori Prefecture. At 8 and 15 days post-infection, adult flukes were recovered from all of the laboratory animals tested, and therefore, hamster, rat, mouse, dog, cat, chicken and quail were considered as final hosts of M. hakubaensis. Recovery rates of the fluke were higher in dogs and hamsters than in cats, rats, mice, chickens and quails. The flukes recovered from dogs and hamsters showed increased body length and higher fecundity than those recovered from the other hosts. These results indicate that the suitability of dogs and hamsters for M. hakubaensis infection is higher than that of the other laboratory animals.     

The life cycle of Henneguya nuesslini Schuberg & Schroder, 1905 (Myxozoa) involves a triactinomyxon-type actinospore

The life cycle of the histozoic myxozoan parasite Henneguya nuesslini was investigated in two salmonid host species. Naive brown trout, Salmo trutta, and brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis, were experimentally infected in two trials by triactinomyxon type actinospores from naturally infected Tubifex tubifex. In exposed common carp, Cyprinus carpio, no myxospore production was detected. The parasite formed cysts with mature myxospores in the connective tissue of the fish 102 days post-exposure. The morphology of both actinosporean and myxosporean stages was described by light microscopy and a 1417-bp fragment of the 18S rDNA gene was sequenced. Sequence analysis confirmed the absolute congruence of the two developmental stages and assisted in determining species identity. Host range, tissue specificity and myxospore measurements provided sufficiently distinctive features to confirm species validity and were thus crucial for identification. The triactinomyxon spores had 16 secondary germ cells, unique dimensions, a very opaque sporoplasm matrix and three conspicuously protruding, pyriform polar capsules. This is the first record of a Henneguya sp. life cycle with a triactinomyxon-type actinospore, which suggests a close relationship with the Myxobolus group and a polyphyletic origin of the genus Henneguya.     

Renibacterium salmoninarum bar forms: characterization, occurrence, and evidence of a host response to a R. salmoninarum infection

Unique-staining Renibacterium salmoninarum (Rs) cells, termed bar forms, first observed in a coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum), in 1983, could not be cultured, making their characterization difficult and significance obscure. They can be detected only by the fluorescent-antibody technique (FAT) and their numbers estimated only by a quantitative FAT (QFAT). Data collected over a 10-year period showed that bar forms were observed only in vivo and appeared associated with a host response. Bar forms were observed in 10 salmonid species from five countries and in fish from < 1 g to spawning adults. They were observed in 50.1% of kidney smears prepared from 10,061 Rs positive chinook, O. tshawytscha (Walbaum), coho, and Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. Bar forms were shown to be Rs cells based on absorption studies, their reaction with an Rs-specific FAT and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and a transition from 'typical' Rs cells to bar forms in naturally and experimentally infected fish. Bar forms were determined to be non-virulent, damaged or dead Rs cells, based on fluorescence and electron microscopy observations, the inability to culture them, and mortality data. Bar forms appeared to represent visual markers of recovery from an Rs infection.     

Complete developmental cycle of Myxobolus pseudodispar (Gorbunova) (Myxosporea: Myxobolidae)

Myxobolus pseudodispar (Gorbunova) is a common parasite of the muscle of roach, Rutilus rutilus L., whereas its actinosporean development occurs in two oligochaete alternate hosts. This paper reports the complete developmental cycle of this parasite in the oligochaete alternate host Tubifex tubifex and the roach. In laboratory experiments, parasite-free T. tubifex specimens were infected by myxospores of M. pseudodispar collected from roach in Lake Balaton. Parasite-free roach fingerlings were infected with floating triactinospores (TAMs) released from oligochaetes on day 69 after challenge. Young plasmodia and spores in roach were first recorded on day 80 post-exposure (p.e.). Myxospores collected from experimentally infected roach initiated a new development in T. tubifex and the resulting TAMs infected roach. No infection of roach resulted from feeding oligochaetes containing mature triactinospores.     

Indirect host effect on ectomycorrhizal fungi: Leaf fall and litter quality explain changes in fungal communities on the roots of co-occurring Mediterranean oaks

Host trees can modify their soil abiotic conditions through their leaf fall quality which in turn may influence the ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal community composition. We investigated this indirect interaction using a causal modelling approach. We identified ECM fungi on the roots of two coexisting oak species growing in two forests in southern Spain - Quercus suber (evergreen) and Quercus canariensis (winter deciduous)-using a PCR-based molecular method. We also analysed the leaf fall, litter and soil sampled beneath the tree canopies to determine the concentrations of key nutrients. The total mycorrhizal pool was comprised of 69 operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Tomentella and Russula were the most species-rich, frequent and abundant genera. ECM fungi with epigeous and resupinate fruiting bodies were found in 60% and 34% of the identified mycorrhizas, respectively. The calcium content of litter, which was significantly higher beneath the winter-deciduous oak species due to differences in leaf fall quality, was the most important variable for explaining ECM species distribution. The evaluation of alternative causal models by the d-sep method revealed that only those considering indirect leaf fall-mediated host effects statistically matched the observed covariation patterns between host, environment (litter, topsoil, subsoil) and fungal community variables.     

再生水根区交替灌溉对马铃薯中重金属累积和分布的影响

通过田间小区试验,研究了再生水根区交替灌溉对马铃薯重金属累积及分布的影响.结果表明,不同的灌溉条件处理下,4种重金属在马铃薯内积累趋势表现为:Zn>Cu>Pb>Cd;Cd在马铃薯内的分布趋势为茎>叶、根>果实;Pb在马铃薯内的分布趋势为叶>根>茎、果实;Cu在马铃薯内的分布趋势为茎>叶>根>果实;Zn在马铃薯内的分布趋...     

广西园林菟丝子发生危害情况调查与分析

【目的】明确广西园林植物种类及菟丝子寄主、种类和分布,掌握其发生危害规律,为园林菟丝子防控提供科学依据。【方法】2011-2013年,每年4-10月,以南宁市为中心选择16个有代表性市（县）进行园林树木及地被植物感染菟丝子实地调查,记录不同树木感染菟丝子种类、生育期、危害的植物学特征及程度,计算感染率和危害指数。【结果】调查鉴定广西园林树木88种,其中菟丝子寄主62种,发生率达70.45%,62种寄主分属39科,51属,其中桑科最多有6种,其次是豆科、大戟科各5种。广西分布有3种菟丝子,分别为日本菟丝子、中国菟丝子和大花菟丝子,还有一种无根藤,它们分别分布在16、9、7和5个市（县）,寄主分别达到38、20、15、11种,分别占寄主的61.29%、32.25%、24.19%和17.74%。南宁市和防城港市菟丝子种类分布最多,3种菟丝子和无根藤均有感染。中国菟丝子主要以种子繁殖危害,每年3月下旬开始萌芽侵染为害,日本菟丝子、大花菟丝子及无根藤主要以藤茎繁殖危害,4月初开始生长,11月果实成熟。寄主危害指数较高的园林树木依次是八月桂、福建茶、龙船花、黄素梅、小叶榕、非洲茉莉,危害指数达4.01-5.48,属于易感树木。【结论】调查鉴定广西园林树木88种,其中菟丝子及无根藤寄主共62种,分属39科,51属;广西分布有3种菟丝子,分别为日本菟丝子、中国菟丝子、大花菟丝子,还有一种无根藤,其中日本菟丝子为优势种类,为重点防控对象。每年4-10月是菟丝子及无根藤主要侵染危害期,也是防除的重点时期。     

草地贪夜蛾对玉米和烟草的偏好性研究

自2019年初首先在云南省发现草地贪夜蛾入侵中国以来,该虫已对国家粮食安全构成严重威胁。草地贪夜蛾寄主范围广,主要喜食禾本科植物,同时也能为害多种双子叶植物。本研究以玉米和烟草为测试对象,比较研究了草地贪夜蛾在两种寄主上的产卵量及两种寄主植物对草地贪夜蛾生长发育的影响。结果表明,每个养虫笼中放入2对雌雄成虫,玉米植株上的卵块数量(17±2.65)块/笼显著多于烟草叶片上的卵块数量(3±1.73)块/笼,玉米上的幼虫数量(834.67±275.16)头/笼显著多于烟草上的幼虫数量(92±55.83)头/笼,表明草地贪夜蛾更喜欢选择玉米进行产卵和取食。烟草上草地贪夜蛾幼虫死亡率达92.53%±1.46%,但其能在烟草上产卵和存活。取食玉米籽粒的草地贪夜蛾幼虫发育历期、死亡率、体重、蛹重分别为(17.22±1.90)d、24.35%±8.13%、(0.261±0.112)g/头、(0.187±0.030)g/头,取食烟草叶片的草地贪夜蛾对应的参数分别为(26.80±1.89)d、85.49%±4.16%、(0.034±0.028)g/头、(0.131±0.028)g/头,表明取食烟草叶片的草地贪夜蛾幼虫发育历期显著延长,幼虫死亡率显著升高,幼虫体重和蛹重显著下降。与取食玉米籽粒的草地贪夜蛾相比,取食烟草叶片的个体适合度显著降低,但成虫配对后能够产卵并孵化出幼虫。与非嗜好寄主烟草相比,草地贪夜蛾取食嗜好寄主玉米表现出更高的适合度,其偏好选择玉米进行产卵和取食,但在烟草上也能完成生活史,种群密度大时存在为害烟草的潜在风险。     

Biological characteristics of maize dwarf mosaic potyvirus from Spain

Two isolates of maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV-Sp and MDMV-Spl) obtained from maize in the northeast of Spain were studied. Both isolates induced similar reactions on 6 sorghum cultivars, johnsongrass and oat (cv. Clintland), with the exception of MDMV-Sp which produced a different reaction on one sorghum cultivar. Thirty-three grass species were tested as possible hosts (16 previously untested) and 18 were found to be susceptible. Among those, eight were previously unidentified hosts for MDMV:Aegilops ovata, A. ventricosa, Avena barbata, Bromus alopecurus, B. diandrus, B. fasciculatus, Echinaria capitata andLolium rigidum. Both isolates were transmitted from maize to maize nonpersistently byRhopalosiphum maidis, R. padi, Schizaphis graminum andSitobium avenae. The virus was not seed-transmitted in Mo17 and B73 maize inbred lines. Pinwheels, scrolls and short curved laminated aggregates were observed in the cytoplasm of maize cells infected by MDMV-Sp or MDMV-Sp1. In addition, laminated aggregates were observed in cells infected by MDMV-Sp1.     

不同寄主植物对异迟眼蕈蚊生长发育和繁殖的影响

异迟眼蕈蚊为害植物地下部分,造成韭菜、大葱、百合、蒜等作物的严重减产。研究异迟眼蕈蚊在不同寄主植物间的生长发育及繁殖规律,可为其预测预报及防治提供科学佐证。本研究在(25±1)℃、弱光照射(251.2lx)、相对湿度80%±5%的人工气候箱内,分别选用寄主植物韭菜、大葱、百合、蒜(蒜瓣和蒜茎),组建了异迟眼蕈蚊取食不同寄主植物的生命表,统计出了种群内禀增长率(rm)、净增殖率(R0)、平均世代周期(T)、种群加倍时间(t)和周限增长率(λ)等种群动态参数。结果表明,卵的发育历期在韭菜上最短(3.49d),在蒜瓣上最长(4.91d)。取食韭菜和大葱的幼虫发育历期最短,而取食百合的幼虫发育历期最长。蛹的发育历期在韭菜上最短(2.95d),在百合上最长(4.05d)。寄主植物对异迟眼蕈蚊卵的孵化率和蛹的存活率影响不显著,但显著影响幼虫的存活率。幼虫的存活率在韭菜上最高(76.7%),蒜瓣上最低(30%)。在韭菜、百合、大葱、蒜瓣和蒜茎上的单雌平均产卵量分别为91.98、52.14、85.48、73.91、72.96粒。异迟眼蕈蚊在韭菜上的种群净增殖率(R0)、内禀增长率(rm)和周限增长率(λ)最高,平均世代周期(T)、种群加倍时间(t)最短。异迟眼蕈蚊在韭菜上的适应度和嗜食性最好,繁殖速度最快。